{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-form-page-js","path":"/sde/","matchPath":"/sde/*","result":{"data":{"page":{"body":"function _extends() { _extends = Object.assign || function (target) { for (var i = 1; i < arguments.length; i++) { var source = arguments[i]; for (var key in source) { if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(source, key)) { target[key] = source[key]; } } } return target; }; return _extends.apply(this, arguments); }\n\nfunction _objectWithoutProperties(source, excluded) { if (source == null) return {}; var target = _objectWithoutPropertiesLoose(source, excluded); var key, i; if (Object.getOwnPropertySymbols) { var sourceSymbolKeys = Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(source); for (i = 0; i < sourceSymbolKeys.length; i++) { key = sourceSymbolKeys[i]; if (excluded.indexOf(key) >= 0) continue; if (!Object.prototype.propertyIsEnumerable.call(source, key)) continue; target[key] = source[key]; } } return target; }\n\nfunction _objectWithoutPropertiesLoose(source, excluded) { if (source == null) return {}; var target = {}; var sourceKeys = Object.keys(source); var key, i; for (i = 0; i < sourceKeys.length; i++) { key = sourceKeys[i]; if (excluded.indexOf(key) >= 0) continue; target[key] = source[key]; } return target; }\n\n/* @jsx mdx */\nvar _frontmatter = {\n  \"template\": \"form-page\",\n  \"slug\": \"sde\",\n  \"title\": \"SDE\",\n  \"featuredImage\": \"\",\n  \"subtitle\": \"\",\n  \"meta\": {\n    \"description\": \"PVfit Single Diode Equation (SDE) Calibration at One Irradiance and Temperature\",\n    \"title\": \"Single Diode Equation (SDE)\"\n  },\n  \"tabs\": [{\n    \"path\": \"/sde/fit/\",\n    \"label\": \"Fit\"\n  }, {\n    \"path\": \"/sde/info/\",\n    \"label\": \"Info\"\n  }, {\n    \"path\": \"/sde/api/\",\n    \"label\": \"API\"\n  }]\n};\n\nvar makeShortcode = function makeShortcode(name) {\n  return function MDXDefaultShortcode(props) {\n    console.warn(\"Component \" + name + \" was not imported, exported, or provided by MDXProvider as global scope\");\n    return mdx(\"div\", props);\n  };\n};\n\nvar Link = makeShortcode(\"Link\");\nvar layoutProps = {\n  _frontmatter: _frontmatter\n};\nvar MDXLayout = \"wrapper\";\nreturn function MDXContent(_ref) {\n  var components = _ref.components,\n      props = _objectWithoutProperties(_ref, [\"components\"]);\n\n  return mdx(MDXLayout, _extends({}, layoutProps, props, {\n    components: components,\n    mdxType: \"MDXLayout\"\n  }), mdx(\"h2\", null, \"Model Description and Calibration Algorithm\"), mdx(\"h3\", null, \"Model Description\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"PVfit's single-diode equation (SDE) is based on \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://pvpmc.sandia.gov/modeling-steps/2-dc-module-iv/diode-equivalent-circuit-models/\"\n  }), \"this model\"), \" described at Sandia National Laboratory's \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://pvpmc.sandia.gov/\"\n  }), \"PV Performance Modeling Collaborative\"), \", and is equivalent to \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"http://files.pvsyst.com/help/pvmodule_model.htm\"\n  }), \"PVsyst's model\"), \". The SDE models the direct-current\", \"\\xA0\", \"(DC) relationship between terminal current \", mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex-mathml\"\n  }), mdx(\"math\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"xmlns\": \"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"\n  }), mdx(\"semantics\", {\n    parentName: \"math\"\n  }, mdx(\"mrow\", {\n    parentName: \"semantics\"\n  }, mdx(\"mi\", {\n    parentName: \"mrow\"\n  }, \"I\")), mdx(\"annotation\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"semantics\"\n  }, {\n    \"encoding\": \"application/x-tex\"\n  }), \"I\")))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex-html\",\n    \"aria-hidden\": \"true\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"base\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"strut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.68333em\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"0em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mathnormal\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.07847em\"\n    }\n  }), \"I\")))), \" and terminal voltage \", mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex-mathml\"\n  }), mdx(\"math\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"xmlns\": \"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"\n  }), mdx(\"semantics\", {\n    parentName: \"math\"\n  }, mdx(\"mrow\", {\n    parentName: \"semantics\"\n  }, mdx(\"mi\", {\n    parentName: \"mrow\"\n  }, \"V\")), mdx(\"annotation\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"semantics\"\n  }, {\n    \"encoding\": \"application/x-tex\"\n  }), \"V\")))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex-html\",\n    \"aria-hidden\": \"true\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"base\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"strut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.68333em\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"0em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mathnormal\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.22222em\"\n    }\n  }), \"V\")))), \" for a photovoltaic\", \"\\xA0\", \"(PV) device at a fixed irradiance and temperature and assuming homogeneous conditions. A \", mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"PV device\"), \" is defined as some number \", mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex-mathml\"\n  }), mdx(\"math\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"xmlns\": \"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"\n  }), mdx(\"semantics\", {\n    parentName: \"math\"\n  }, mdx(\"mrow\", {\n    parentName: \"semantics\"\n  }, mdx(\"msub\", {\n    parentName: \"mrow\"\n  }, mdx(\"mi\", {\n    parentName: \"msub\"\n  }, \"N\"), mdx(\"mtext\", {\n    parentName: \"msub\"\n  }, \"p\"))), mdx(\"annotation\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"semantics\"\n  }, {\n    \"encoding\": \"application/x-tex\"\n  }), \"N_\\\\text{p}\")))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex-html\",\n    \"aria-hidden\": \"true\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"base\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"strut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.969438em\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"-0.286108em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mathnormal\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.10903em\"\n    }\n  }), \"N\"), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"msupsub\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-t vlist-t2\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.15139200000000003em\"\n    }\n  }), 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\"className\": \"katex-html\",\n    \"aria-hidden\": \"true\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"base\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"strut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.83333em\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"-0.15em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mathnormal\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.10903em\"\n    }\n  }), \"N\"), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"msupsub\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-t vlist-t2\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.151392em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"style\": {\n      \"top\": \"-2.5500000000000003em\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"-0.10903em\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.05em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"pstrut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"2.7em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord text mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mtight\"\n  }), \"s\"))))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-s\"\n  }), \"\\u200B\")), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": 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\"aria-hidden\": \"true\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"base\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"strut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.68333em\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"0em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mathnormal\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.13889em\"\n    }\n  }), \"T\")))), \".\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Specifically, the relationship for conserved current at the high-voltage diode node is given by\\u2014\"), mdx(\"span\", {\n    \"className\": \"katex-display\"\n  }, mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex-mathml\"\n  }), mdx(\"math\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"xmlns\": 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{\n    \"className\": \"base\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"strut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.969438em\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"-0.286108em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mathnormal\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.07847em\"\n    }\n  }), \"I\"), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"msupsub\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-t vlist-t2\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.3361079999999999em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"style\": {\n      \"top\": \"-2.5500000000000003em\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"-0.07847em\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.05em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"pstrut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"2.7em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord text mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mtight\"\n  }), \"ph\"))))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-s\"\n  }), \"\\u200B\")), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.286108em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", {\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  })))))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mspace\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.2222222222222222em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mbin\"\n  }), \"\\u2212\"), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mspace\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.2222222222222222em\"\n    }\n  }))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"base\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"strut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"2.40003em\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"-0.95003em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mathnormal\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.07847em\"\n    }\n  }), \"I\"), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"msupsub\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-t vlist-t2\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.151392em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"style\": {\n      \"top\": \"-2.5500000000000003em\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"-0.07847em\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.05em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"pstrut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"2.7em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord text mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mtight\"\n  }), \"rs\"))))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-s\"\n  }), \"\\u200B\")), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.15em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", {\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  })))))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mspace\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"-0.16666666666666666em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mspace\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.16666666666666666em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"minner\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mopen delimcenter\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"top\": \"0em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"delimsizing size3\"\n  }), \"(\")), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mspace\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"-0.16666666666666666em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mathnormal\"\n  }), \"e\"), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"msupsub\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-t\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"1.24982em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"style\": {\n      \"top\": \"-3.5233700000000003em\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.05em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"pstrut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"3em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mopen nulldelimiter sizing reset-size3 size6\"\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mfrac\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-t vlist-t2\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"1.0377857142857143em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"style\": {\n      \"top\": \"-2.656em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"pstrut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"3em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mathnormal mtight\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.10903em\"\n    }\n  }), \"N\"), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"msupsub\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-t vlist-t2\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.23056em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"style\": {\n      \"top\": \"-2.3em\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"-0.10903em\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.1em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"pstrut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"2.5em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord text mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mtight\"\n  }), \"s\")))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-s\"\n  }), \"\\u200B\")), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.2em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", {\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  })))))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mathnormal mtight\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.03148em\"\n    }\n  }), \"k\"), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"msupsub\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-t vlist-t2\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.3448em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"style\": {\n      \"top\": \"-2.3448em\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"-0.03148em\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.1em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"pstrut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"2.69444em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord text mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mtight\"\n  }), \"b\")))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-s\"\n  }), \"\\u200B\")), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.34963999999999995em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", {\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  })))))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mathnormal mtight\"\n  }), \"n\"), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mathnormal mtight\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.13889em\"\n    }\n  }), \"T\")))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"style\": {\n      \"top\": \"-3.2255000000000003em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"pstrut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"3em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"frac-line mtight\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"borderBottomWidth\": \"0.049em\"\n    }\n  }))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"style\": {\n      \"top\": \"-3.5020714285714285em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"pstrut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"3em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mathnormal mtight\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.03588em\"\n    }\n  }), \"q\"), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"minner mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mopen mtight delimcenter\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"top\": \"0em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mtight\"\n  }), \"(\")), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mathnormal mtight\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.22222em\"\n    }\n  }), \"V\"), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mbin mtight\"\n  }), \"+\"), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mathnormal mtight\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.07847em\"\n    }\n  }), \"I\"), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mathnormal mtight\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.00773em\"\n    }\n  }), \"R\"), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"msupsub\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-t vlist-t2\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.23056em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"style\": {\n      \"top\": \"-2.3em\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"-0.00773em\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.1em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"pstrut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"2.5em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord text mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mtight\"\n  }), \"s\")))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-s\"\n  }), \"\\u200B\")), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.2em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", {\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  })))))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mclose mtight delimcenter\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"top\": \"0em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mtight\"\n  }), \")\"))))))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-s\"\n  }), \"\\u200B\")), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.5937428571428571em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", {\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }))))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mclose nulldelimiter sizing reset-size3 size6\"\n  }))))))))))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mspace\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.2222222222222222em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mbin\"\n  }), \"\\u2212\"), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mspace\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.2222222222222222em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord\"\n  }), \"1\"), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mspace\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"-0.16666666666666666em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mclose delimcenter\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"top\": \"0em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"delimsizing size3\"\n  }), \")\"))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mspace\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.2222222222222222em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mbin\"\n  }), \"\\u2212\"), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mspace\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.2222222222222222em\"\n    }\n  }))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"base\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"strut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"1.036108em\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"-0.286108em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mathnormal\"\n  }), \"G\"), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"msupsub\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-t vlist-t2\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.15139200000000003em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"style\": {\n      \"top\": \"-2.5500000000000003em\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"0em\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.05em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"pstrut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"2.7em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord text mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mtight\"\n  }), \"p\"))))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-s\"\n  }), \"\\u200B\")), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.286108em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", {\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  })))))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mspace\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"-0.16666666666666666em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mspace\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.16666666666666666em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"minner\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mopen delimcenter\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"top\": \"0em\"\n    }\n  }), \"(\"), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mathnormal\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.22222em\"\n    }\n  }), \"V\"), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mspace\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.2222222222222222em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mbin\"\n  }), \"+\"), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mspace\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.2222222222222222em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mathnormal\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.07847em\"\n    }\n  }), \"I\"), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mathnormal\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.00773em\"\n    }\n  }), \"R\"), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"msupsub\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-t vlist-t2\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.151392em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"style\": {\n      \"top\": \"-2.5500000000000003em\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"-0.00773em\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.05em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"pstrut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"2.7em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord text mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mtight\"\n  }), \"s\"))))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-s\"\n  }), \"\\u200B\")), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.15em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", {\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  })))))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mclose delimcenter\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"top\": \"0em\"\n    }\n  }), \")\")), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mspace\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.2222222222222222em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mbin\"\n  }), \"\\u2212\"), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mspace\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.2222222222222222em\"\n    }\n  }))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"base\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"strut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.8777699999999999em\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"-0.19444em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mathnormal\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.07847em\"\n    }\n  }), \"I\"), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mpunct\"\n  }), \",\"))))), mdx(\"p\", null, \"with two device-level observables\\u2014\"), mdx(\"ul\", null, mdx(\"li\", {\n    parentName: \"ul\"\n  }, mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"li\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex-mathml\"\n  }), mdx(\"math\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"xmlns\": \"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"\n  }), mdx(\"semantics\", {\n    parentName: \"math\"\n  }, mdx(\"mrow\", {\n    parentName: \"semantics\"\n  }, mdx(\"mi\", {\n    parentName: \"mrow\"\n  }, \"V\")), mdx(\"annotation\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"semantics\"\n  }, {\n    \"encoding\": \"application/x-tex\"\n  }), \"V\")))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex-html\",\n    \"aria-hidden\": \"true\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"base\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"strut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.68333em\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"0em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mathnormal\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.22222em\"\n    }\n  }), \"V\")))), \" terminal voltage \", \"[V]\", \",\"), mdx(\"li\", {\n    parentName: \"ul\"\n  }, mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"li\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex-mathml\"\n  }), mdx(\"math\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"xmlns\": \"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"\n  }), mdx(\"semantics\", {\n    parentName: \"math\"\n  }, mdx(\"mrow\", {\n    parentName: \"semantics\"\n  }, mdx(\"mi\", {\n    parentName: \"mrow\"\n  }, \"I\")), mdx(\"annotation\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"semantics\"\n  }, {\n    \"encoding\": \"application/x-tex\"\n  }), \"I\")))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex-html\",\n    \"aria-hidden\": \"true\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"base\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"strut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.68333em\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"0em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mathnormal\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.07847em\"\n    }\n  }), \"I\")))), \" terminal current \", \"[A]\", \",\")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"five device-level model parameters\\u2014\"), mdx(\"ul\", null, mdx(\"li\", {\n    parentName: \"ul\"\n  }, mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"li\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex-mathml\"\n  }), mdx(\"math\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"xmlns\": \"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"\n  }), mdx(\"semantics\", {\n    parentName: \"math\"\n  }, mdx(\"mrow\", {\n    parentName: \"semantics\"\n  }, mdx(\"msub\", {\n    parentName: \"mrow\"\n  }, mdx(\"mi\", {\n    parentName: \"msub\"\n  }, \"I\"), mdx(\"mtext\", {\n    parentName: \"msub\"\n  }, \"ph\"))), mdx(\"annotation\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"semantics\"\n  }, {\n    \"encoding\": \"application/x-tex\"\n  }), \"I_\\\\text{ph}\")))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex-html\",\n    \"aria-hidden\": \"true\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"base\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"strut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.969438em\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"-0.286108em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mathnormal\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.07847em\"\n    }\n  }), \"I\"), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"msupsub\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-t vlist-t2\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.3361079999999999em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"style\": {\n      \"top\": \"-2.5500000000000003em\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"-0.07847em\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.05em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"pstrut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"2.7em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord text mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mtight\"\n  }), \"ph\"))))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-s\"\n  }), \"\\u200B\")), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.286108em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", {\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }))))))))), \" photo-current \", \"[A]\", \",\"), mdx(\"li\", {\n    parentName: \"ul\"\n  }, mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"li\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex-mathml\"\n  }), mdx(\"math\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"xmlns\": \"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"\n  }), mdx(\"semantics\", {\n    parentName: \"math\"\n  }, mdx(\"mrow\", {\n    parentName: \"semantics\"\n  }, mdx(\"msub\", {\n    parentName: \"mrow\"\n  }, mdx(\"mi\", {\n    parentName: \"msub\"\n  }, \"I\"), mdx(\"mtext\", {\n    parentName: \"msub\"\n  }, \"rs\"))), mdx(\"annotation\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"semantics\"\n  }, {\n    \"encoding\": \"application/x-tex\"\n  }), \"I_\\\\text{rs}\")))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex-html\",\n    \"aria-hidden\": \"true\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"base\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"strut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.83333em\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"-0.15em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mathnormal\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.07847em\"\n    }\n  }), \"I\"), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"msupsub\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-t vlist-t2\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.151392em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"style\": {\n      \"top\": \"-2.5500000000000003em\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"-0.07847em\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.05em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"pstrut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"2.7em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord text mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mtight\"\n  }), \"rs\"))))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-s\"\n  }), \"\\u200B\")), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.15em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", {\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }))))))))), \" diode reverse-saturation current \", \"[A]\", \",\"), mdx(\"li\", {\n    parentName: \"ul\"\n  }, mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"li\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex-mathml\"\n  }), mdx(\"math\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"xmlns\": \"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"\n  }), mdx(\"semantics\", {\n    parentName: \"math\"\n  }, mdx(\"mrow\", {\n    parentName: \"semantics\"\n  }, mdx(\"mi\", {\n    parentName: \"mrow\"\n  }, \"n\")), mdx(\"annotation\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"semantics\"\n  }, {\n    \"encoding\": \"application/x-tex\"\n  }), \"n\")))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex-html\",\n    \"aria-hidden\": \"true\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"base\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"strut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.43056em\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"0em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mathnormal\"\n  }), \"n\")))), \" diode ideality factor \", \"[\\xB7]\", \",\"), mdx(\"li\", {\n    parentName: \"ul\"\n  }, mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"li\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex-mathml\"\n  }), mdx(\"math\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"xmlns\": \"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"\n  }), mdx(\"semantics\", {\n    parentName: \"math\"\n  }, mdx(\"mrow\", {\n    parentName: \"semantics\"\n  }, mdx(\"msub\", {\n    parentName: \"mrow\"\n  }, mdx(\"mi\", {\n    parentName: \"msub\"\n  }, \"R\"), mdx(\"mtext\", {\n    parentName: \"msub\"\n  }, \"s\"))), mdx(\"annotation\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"semantics\"\n  }, {\n    \"encoding\": \"application/x-tex\"\n  }), \"R_\\\\text{s}\")))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex-html\",\n    \"aria-hidden\": \"true\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"base\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"strut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.83333em\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"-0.15em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mathnormal\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.00773em\"\n    }\n  }), \"R\"), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"msupsub\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-t vlist-t2\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.151392em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"style\": {\n      \"top\": \"-2.5500000000000003em\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"-0.00773em\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.05em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"pstrut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"2.7em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord text mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mtight\"\n  }), \"s\"))))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-s\"\n  }), \"\\u200B\")), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.15em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", {\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }))))))))), \" series resistance \", \"[\\u03A9]\", \",\"), mdx(\"li\", {\n    parentName: \"ul\"\n  }, mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"li\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex-mathml\"\n  }), mdx(\"math\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"xmlns\": \"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"\n  }), mdx(\"semantics\", {\n    parentName: \"math\"\n  }, mdx(\"mrow\", {\n    parentName: \"semantics\"\n  }, mdx(\"msub\", {\n    parentName: \"mrow\"\n  }, mdx(\"mi\", {\n    parentName: \"msub\"\n  }, \"G\"), mdx(\"mtext\", {\n    parentName: \"msub\"\n  }, \"p\"))), mdx(\"annotation\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"semantics\"\n  }, {\n    \"encoding\": \"application/x-tex\"\n  }), \"G_\\\\text{p}\")))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex-html\",\n    \"aria-hidden\": \"true\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"base\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"strut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.969438em\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"-0.286108em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mathnormal\"\n  }), \"G\"), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"msupsub\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-t vlist-t2\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.15139200000000003em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"style\": {\n      \"top\": \"-2.5500000000000003em\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"0em\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.05em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"pstrut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"2.7em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord text mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mtight\"\n  }), \"p\"))))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-s\"\n  }), \"\\u200B\")), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.286108em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", {\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }))))))))), \" parallel (shunt) conductance \", \"[S]\", \",\")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"and constants\\u2014\"), mdx(\"ul\", null, mdx(\"li\", {\n    parentName: \"ul\"\n  }, mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"li\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex-mathml\"\n  }), mdx(\"math\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"xmlns\": \"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"\n  }), mdx(\"semantics\", {\n    parentName: \"math\"\n  }, mdx(\"mrow\", {\n    parentName: \"semantics\"\n  }, mdx(\"mi\", {\n    parentName: \"mrow\"\n  }, \"q\")), mdx(\"annotation\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"semantics\"\n  }, {\n    \"encoding\": \"application/x-tex\"\n  }), \"q\")))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex-html\",\n    \"aria-hidden\": \"true\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"base\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"strut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.625em\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"-0.19444em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mathnormal\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.03588em\"\n    }\n  }), \"q\")))), \" elementary charge \", \"[1.602176634e-19\", \"\\xA0\", \"C]\", \",\"), mdx(\"li\", {\n    parentName: \"ul\"\n  }, mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"li\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex-mathml\"\n  }), mdx(\"math\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"xmlns\": \"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"\n  }), mdx(\"semantics\", {\n    parentName: \"math\"\n  }, mdx(\"mrow\", {\n    parentName: \"semantics\"\n  }, mdx(\"msub\", {\n    parentName: \"mrow\"\n  }, mdx(\"mi\", {\n    parentName: \"msub\"\n  }, \"k\"), mdx(\"mtext\", {\n    parentName: \"msub\"\n  }, \"B\"))), mdx(\"annotation\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"semantics\"\n  }, {\n    \"encoding\": \"application/x-tex\"\n  }), \"k_\\\\text{B}\")))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex-html\",\n    \"aria-hidden\": \"true\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"base\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"strut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.84444em\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"-0.15em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mathnormal\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.03148em\"\n    }\n  }), \"k\"), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"msupsub\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-t vlist-t2\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.32833099999999993em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"style\": {\n      \"top\": \"-2.5500000000000003em\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"-0.03148em\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.05em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"pstrut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"2.7em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord text mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mtight\"\n  }), \"B\"))))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-s\"\n  }), \"\\u200B\")), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.15em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", {\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }))))))))), \" Boltzmann constant \", \"[1.380649e-23\", \"\\xA0\", \"J/K]\", \".\")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"If needed, then the series resistance and parallel conductance of each PV cell in the device can be calculated as \", mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex-mathml\"\n  }), mdx(\"math\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"xmlns\": \"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"\n  }), mdx(\"semantics\", {\n    parentName: \"math\"\n  }, mdx(\"mrow\", {\n    parentName: \"semantics\"\n  }, mdx(\"msubsup\", {\n    parentName: \"mrow\"\n  }, mdx(\"mi\", {\n    parentName: \"msubsup\"\n  }, \"R\"), mdx(\"mtext\", {\n    parentName: \"msubsup\"\n  }, \"s\"), mdx(\"mo\", {\n    parentName: \"msubsup\"\n  }, \"\\u2217\")), mdx(\"mo\", {\n    parentName: \"mrow\"\n  }, \"=\"), mdx(\"mfrac\", {\n    parentName: \"mrow\"\n  }, mdx(\"msub\", {\n    parentName: \"mfrac\"\n  }, mdx(\"mi\", {\n    parentName: \"msub\"\n  }, \"N\"), mdx(\"mtext\", {\n    parentName: \"msub\"\n  }, \"p\")), mdx(\"msub\", {\n    parentName: \"mfrac\"\n  }, mdx(\"mi\", {\n    parentName: \"msub\"\n  }, \"N\"), mdx(\"mtext\", {\n    parentName: \"msub\"\n  }, \"s\"))), mdx(\"msub\", {\n    parentName: \"mrow\"\n  }, mdx(\"mi\", {\n    parentName: \"msub\"\n  }, \"R\"), mdx(\"mtext\", {\n    parentName: \"msub\"\n  }, \"s\"))), mdx(\"annotation\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"semantics\"\n  }, {\n    \"encoding\": \"application/x-tex\"\n  }), \"R_\\\\text{s}^* = \\\\frac{N_\\\\text{p}}{N_\\\\text{s}} R_\\\\text{s}\")))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex-html\",\n    \"aria-hidden\": \"true\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"base\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"strut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.935696em\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"-0.247em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mathnormal\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.00773em\"\n    }\n  }), \"R\"), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"msupsub\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-t vlist-t2\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.688696em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"style\": {\n      \"top\": \"-2.4530000000000003em\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"-0.00773em\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.05em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"pstrut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"2.7em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord text mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mtight\"\n  }), \"s\")))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"style\": {\n      \"top\": \"-3.063em\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.05em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"pstrut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"2.7em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mbin mtight\"\n  }), \"\\u2217\")))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-s\"\n  }), \"\\u200B\")), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.247em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", {\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  })))))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mspace\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.2777777777777778em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mrel\"\n  }), \"=\"), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mspace\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.2777777777777778em\"\n    }\n  }))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"base\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"strut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"1.4307509999999999em\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"-0.44509999999999994em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mopen nulldelimiter\"\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mfrac\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-t vlist-t2\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.985651em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"style\": {\n      \"top\": \"-2.655em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"pstrut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"3em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mathnormal mtight\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.10903em\"\n    }\n  }), \"N\"), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"msupsub\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-t vlist-t2\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.16454285714285719em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"style\": {\n      \"top\": \"-2.357em\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"-0.10903em\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.07142857142857144em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"pstrut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"2.5em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord text mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mtight\"\n  }), \"s\"))))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-s\"\n  }), \"\\u200B\")), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.143em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", {\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }))))))))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"style\": {\n      \"top\": \"-3.23em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"pstrut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"3em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"frac-line\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"borderBottomWidth\": \"0.04em\"\n    }\n  }))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"style\": {\n      \"top\": \"-3.50732em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"pstrut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"3em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mathnormal mtight\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.10903em\"\n    }\n  }), \"N\"), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"msupsub\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-t vlist-t2\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.16454285714285716em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"style\": {\n      \"top\": \"-2.357em\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"-0.10903em\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.07142857142857144em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"pstrut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"2.5em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord text mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mtight\"\n  }), \"p\"))))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-s\"\n  }), \"\\u200B\")), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.2818857142857143em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", {\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  })))))))))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-s\"\n  }), \"\\u200B\")), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.44509999999999994em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", {\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }))))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mclose nulldelimiter\"\n  }))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mathnormal\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.00773em\"\n    }\n  }), \"R\"), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"msupsub\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-t vlist-t2\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.151392em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"style\": {\n      \"top\": \"-2.5500000000000003em\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"-0.00773em\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.05em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"pstrut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"2.7em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord text mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mtight\"\n  }), \"s\"))))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-s\"\n  }), \"\\u200B\")), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.15em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", {\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }))))))))), \" and \", mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex-mathml\"\n  }), mdx(\"math\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"xmlns\": \"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"\n  }), mdx(\"semantics\", {\n    parentName: \"math\"\n  }, mdx(\"mrow\", {\n    parentName: \"semantics\"\n  }, mdx(\"msubsup\", {\n    parentName: \"mrow\"\n  }, mdx(\"mi\", {\n    parentName: \"msubsup\"\n  }, \"G\"), mdx(\"mtext\", {\n    parentName: \"msubsup\"\n  }, \"p\"), mdx(\"mo\", {\n    parentName: \"msubsup\"\n  }, \"\\u2217\")), mdx(\"mo\", {\n    parentName: \"mrow\"\n  }, \"=\"), mdx(\"mfrac\", {\n    parentName: \"mrow\"\n  }, mdx(\"msub\", {\n    parentName: \"mfrac\"\n  }, mdx(\"mi\", {\n    parentName: \"msub\"\n  }, \"N\"), mdx(\"mtext\", {\n    parentName: \"msub\"\n  }, \"s\")), mdx(\"msub\", {\n    parentName: \"mfrac\"\n  }, mdx(\"mi\", {\n    parentName: \"msub\"\n  }, \"N\"), mdx(\"mtext\", {\n    parentName: \"msub\"\n  }, \"p\"))), mdx(\"msub\", {\n    parentName: \"mrow\"\n  }, mdx(\"mi\", {\n    parentName: \"msub\"\n  }, \"G\"), mdx(\"mtext\", {\n    parentName: \"msub\"\n  }, \"p\"))), mdx(\"annotation\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"semantics\"\n  }, {\n    \"encoding\": \"application/x-tex\"\n  }), \"G_\\\\text{p}^* = \\\\frac{N_\\\\text{s}}{N_\\\\text{p}} G_\\\\text{p}\")))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex-html\",\n    \"aria-hidden\": \"true\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"base\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"strut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"1.071804em\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"-0.383108em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mathnormal\"\n  }), \"G\"), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"msupsub\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-t vlist-t2\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.688696em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"style\": {\n      \"top\": \"-2.4530000000000003em\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"0em\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.05em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"pstrut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"2.7em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord text mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mtight\"\n  }), \"p\")))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"style\": {\n      \"top\": \"-3.063em\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.05em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"pstrut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"2.7em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mbin mtight\"\n  }), \"\\u2217\")))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-s\"\n  }), \"\\u200B\")), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.383108em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", {\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  })))))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mspace\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.2777777777777778em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mrel\"\n  }), \"=\"), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mspace\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.2777777777777778em\"\n    }\n  }))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"base\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"strut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"1.4307509999999999em\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"-0.5423199999999999em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mopen nulldelimiter\"\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mfrac\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-t vlist-t2\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.8884309999999999em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"style\": {\n      \"top\": \"-2.655em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"pstrut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"3em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mathnormal mtight\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.10903em\"\n    }\n  }), \"N\"), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"msupsub\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-t vlist-t2\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.16454285714285716em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"style\": {\n      \"top\": \"-2.357em\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"-0.10903em\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.07142857142857144em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"pstrut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"2.5em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord text mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mtight\"\n  }), \"p\"))))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-s\"\n  }), \"\\u200B\")), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.2818857142857143em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", {\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }))))))))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"style\": {\n      \"top\": \"-3.23em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"pstrut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"3em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"frac-line\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"borderBottomWidth\": \"0.04em\"\n    }\n  }))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"style\": {\n      \"top\": \"-3.4101em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"pstrut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"3em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mathnormal mtight\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.10903em\"\n    }\n  }), \"N\"), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"msupsub\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-t vlist-t2\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.16454285714285719em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"style\": {\n      \"top\": \"-2.357em\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"-0.10903em\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.07142857142857144em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"pstrut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"2.5em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord text mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mtight\"\n  }), \"s\"))))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-s\"\n  }), \"\\u200B\")), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.143em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", {\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  })))))))))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-s\"\n  }), \"\\u200B\")), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.5423199999999999em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", {\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }))))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mclose nulldelimiter\"\n  }))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mathnormal\"\n  }), \"G\"), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"msupsub\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-t vlist-t2\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.15139200000000003em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"style\": {\n      \"top\": \"-2.5500000000000003em\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"0em\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.05em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"pstrut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"2.7em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord text mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mtight\"\n  }), \"p\"))))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-s\"\n  }), \"\\u200B\")), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.286108em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", {\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }))))))))), \", respectively. Also note that the ideality factor \", mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex-mathml\"\n  }), mdx(\"math\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"xmlns\": \"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"\n  }), mdx(\"semantics\", {\n    parentName: \"math\"\n  }, mdx(\"mrow\", {\n    parentName: \"semantics\"\n  }, mdx(\"mi\", {\n    parentName: \"mrow\"\n  }, \"n\")), mdx(\"annotation\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"semantics\"\n  }, {\n    \"encoding\": \"application/x-tex\"\n  }), \"n\")))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex-html\",\n    \"aria-hidden\": \"true\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"base\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"strut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.43056em\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"0em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mathnormal\"\n  }), \"n\")))), \" is not separately identifiable from \", mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex-mathml\"\n  }), mdx(\"math\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"xmlns\": \"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"\n  }), mdx(\"semantics\", {\n    parentName: \"math\"\n  }, mdx(\"mrow\", {\n    parentName: \"semantics\"\n  }, mdx(\"mi\", {\n    parentName: \"mrow\"\n  }, \"T\")), mdx(\"annotation\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"semantics\"\n  }, {\n    \"encoding\": \"application/x-tex\"\n  }), \"T\")))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex-html\",\n    \"aria-hidden\": \"true\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"base\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"strut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.68333em\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"0em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mathnormal\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.13889em\"\n    }\n  }), \"T\")))), \" and \", mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex-mathml\"\n  }), mdx(\"math\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"xmlns\": \"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"\n  }), mdx(\"semantics\", {\n    parentName: \"math\"\n  }, mdx(\"mrow\", {\n    parentName: \"semantics\"\n  }, mdx(\"msub\", {\n    parentName: \"mrow\"\n  }, mdx(\"mi\", {\n    parentName: \"msub\"\n  }, \"N\"), mdx(\"mtext\", {\n    parentName: \"msub\"\n  }, \"s\"))), mdx(\"annotation\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"semantics\"\n  }, {\n    \"encoding\": \"application/x-tex\"\n  }), \"N_\\\\text{s}\")))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex-html\",\n    \"aria-hidden\": \"true\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"base\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"strut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.83333em\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"-0.15em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mathnormal\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.10903em\"\n    }\n  }), \"N\"), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"msupsub\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-t vlist-t2\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.151392em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"style\": {\n      \"top\": \"-2.5500000000000003em\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"-0.10903em\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.05em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"pstrut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"2.7em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord text mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mtight\"\n  }), \"s\"))))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-s\"\n  }), \"\\u200B\")), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.15em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", {\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }))))))))), \". Thus, if \", mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex-mathml\"\n  }), mdx(\"math\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"xmlns\": \"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"\n  }), mdx(\"semantics\", {\n    parentName: \"math\"\n  }, mdx(\"mrow\", {\n    parentName: \"semantics\"\n  }, mdx(\"mi\", {\n    parentName: \"mrow\"\n  }, \"T\")), mdx(\"annotation\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"semantics\"\n  }, {\n    \"encoding\": \"application/x-tex\"\n  }), \"T\")))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex-html\",\n    \"aria-hidden\": \"true\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"base\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"strut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.68333em\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"0em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mathnormal\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.13889em\"\n    }\n  }), \"T\")))), \" and/or \", mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex-mathml\"\n  }), mdx(\"math\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"xmlns\": \"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"\n  }), mdx(\"semantics\", {\n    parentName: \"math\"\n  }, mdx(\"mrow\", {\n    parentName: \"semantics\"\n  }, mdx(\"msub\", {\n    parentName: \"mrow\"\n  }, mdx(\"mi\", {\n    parentName: \"msub\"\n  }, \"N\"), mdx(\"mtext\", {\n    parentName: \"msub\"\n  }, \"s\"))), mdx(\"annotation\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"semantics\"\n  }, {\n    \"encoding\": \"application/x-tex\"\n  }), \"N_\\\\text{s}\")))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex-html\",\n    \"aria-hidden\": \"true\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"base\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"strut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.83333em\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"-0.15em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mathnormal\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.10903em\"\n    }\n  }), \"N\"), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"msupsub\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-t vlist-t2\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.151392em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"style\": {\n      \"top\": \"-2.5500000000000003em\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"-0.10903em\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.05em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"pstrut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"2.7em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord text mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mtight\"\n  }), \"s\"))))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-s\"\n  }), \"\\u200B\")), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.15em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", {\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }))))))))), \" are mis-specified, then the fit value of \", mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex-mathml\"\n  }), mdx(\"math\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"xmlns\": \"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"\n  }), mdx(\"semantics\", {\n    parentName: \"math\"\n  }, mdx(\"mrow\", {\n    parentName: \"semantics\"\n  }, mdx(\"mi\", {\n    parentName: \"mrow\"\n  }, \"n\")), mdx(\"annotation\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"semantics\"\n  }, {\n    \"encoding\": \"application/x-tex\"\n  }), \"n\")))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex-html\",\n    \"aria-hidden\": \"true\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"base\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"strut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.43056em\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"0em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mathnormal\"\n  }), \"n\")))), \" will likely compensate accordingly.\"), mdx(\"h3\", null, \"Calibration Algorithm\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Given current-voltage\", \"\\xA0\", \"(I-V) curve data for a PV device at a single irradiance and temperature, PVfit's calibration algorithm finds optimal model parameters for the SDE that fit this data. The fitting of five parameters and automated selection of initial conditions require that the I-V curve to be sufficiently dense (\", \"\\u2265\", \"5 well-distributed points). The derived parameters, e.g., \", mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex-mathml\"\n  }), mdx(\"math\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"xmlns\": \"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"\n  }), mdx(\"semantics\", {\n    parentName: \"math\"\n  }, mdx(\"mrow\", {\n    parentName: \"semantics\"\n  }, mdx(\"msub\", {\n    parentName: \"mrow\"\n  }, mdx(\"mi\", {\n    parentName: \"msub\"\n  }, \"I\"), mdx(\"mtext\", {\n    parentName: \"msub\"\n  }, \"sc\"))), mdx(\"annotation\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"semantics\"\n  }, {\n    \"encoding\": \"application/x-tex\"\n  }), \"I_\\\\text{sc}\")))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex-html\",\n    \"aria-hidden\": \"true\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"base\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"strut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.83333em\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"-0.15em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mathnormal\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.07847em\"\n    }\n  }), \"I\"), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"msupsub\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-t vlist-t2\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.151392em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"style\": {\n      \"top\": \"-2.5500000000000003em\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"-0.07847em\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.05em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"pstrut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"2.7em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord text mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mtight\"\n  }), \"sc\"))))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-s\"\n  }), \"\\u200B\")), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.15em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", {\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }))))))))), \", \", mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex-mathml\"\n  }), mdx(\"math\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"xmlns\": \"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"\n  }), mdx(\"semantics\", {\n    parentName: \"math\"\n  }, mdx(\"mrow\", {\n    parentName: \"semantics\"\n  }, mdx(\"msub\", {\n    parentName: \"mrow\"\n  }, mdx(\"mi\", {\n    parentName: \"msub\"\n  }, \"P\"), mdx(\"mtext\", {\n    parentName: \"msub\"\n  }, \"mp\"))), mdx(\"annotation\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"semantics\"\n  }, {\n    \"encoding\": \"application/x-tex\"\n  }), \"P_\\\\text{mp}\")))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex-html\",\n    \"aria-hidden\": \"true\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"base\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"strut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.969438em\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"-0.286108em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mathnormal\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.13889em\"\n    }\n  }), \"P\"), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"msupsub\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-t vlist-t2\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.15139200000000003em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"style\": {\n      \"top\": \"-2.5500000000000003em\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"-0.13889em\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.05em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"pstrut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"2.7em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord text mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mtight\"\n  }), \"mp\"))))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-s\"\n  }), \"\\u200B\")), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.286108em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", {\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }))))))))), \", and \", mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex-mathml\"\n  }), mdx(\"math\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"xmlns\": \"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"\n  }), mdx(\"semantics\", {\n    parentName: \"math\"\n  }, mdx(\"mrow\", {\n    parentName: \"semantics\"\n  }, mdx(\"msub\", {\n    parentName: \"mrow\"\n  }, mdx(\"mi\", {\n    parentName: \"msub\"\n  }, \"V\"), mdx(\"mtext\", {\n    parentName: \"msub\"\n  }, \"oc\"))), mdx(\"annotation\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"semantics\"\n  }, {\n    \"encoding\": \"application/x-tex\"\n  }), \"V_\\\\text{oc}\")))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"katex-html\",\n    \"aria-hidden\": \"true\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"base\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"strut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.83333em\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"-0.15em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mathnormal\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.22222em\"\n    }\n  }), \"V\"), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"msupsub\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-t vlist-t2\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.151392em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"style\": {\n      \"top\": \"-2.5500000000000003em\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"-0.22222em\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"0.05em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"pstrut\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"2.7em\"\n    }\n  })), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord text mtight\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"mord mtight\"\n  }), \"oc\"))))), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-s\"\n  }), \"\\u200B\")), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist-r\"\n  }), mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"vlist\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"height\": \"0.15em\"\n    }\n  }), mdx(\"span\", {\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }))))))))), \", are then computed from the calibrated model.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"The model calibration uses \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.optimize.least_squares.html\"\n  }), \"Scipy's least squares algorithm\"), \" with a careful choice of initial conditions for the fit parameters. The optimizer minimizes the sum of squared residuals for each I-V point for the high-voltage diode node's current sum, which defines the SDE. No model is perfect, and users are expected to inspect the quality of the fit for thier particular device and data, e.g., look for non-random patterns in the fit residuals. Open-source computational code for further analyses, such as fit quality and performance predictions, is available (in Python) at \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://github.com/markcampanelli/pvfit\"\n  }), \"https://github.com/markcampanelli/pvfit\"), \".\"), mdx(Link, {\n    to: \"/about\",\n    mdxType: \"Link\"\n  }, \"Suggestions\"), \" for improvements are welcome!\");\n}\n;\nMDXContent.isMDXComponent = true;","frontmatter":{"title":"SDE","slug":"sde","template":"form-page","featuredImage":"","meta":{"title":"Single Diode Equation (SDE)","description":"PVfit Single Diode Equation (SDE) Calibration at One Irradiance and Temperature"},"tabs":[{"path":"/sde/fit/","label":"Fit"},{"path":"/sde/info/","label":"Info"},{"path":"/sde/api/","label":"API"}]}},"form":{"id":"dc5e1460-0727-5e69-b300-cade0ece3cf5","name":"sde","title":"SDE Calibration at One Irradiance and 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(Application Programming Interface)","description":"Call this fitting service with clients other than a web browser.\nPVfit offers a simple RESTful interface. Options include using—\n","platforms":[{"name":"curl","language":"shell","ext":"sh","description":"[cURL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CURL) from a terminal prompt. \n(Tools like [Postman](https://www.getpostman.com/) can import the cURL command.)\n","template":"curl -i -H \"Content-Type: {{dataProvider.contentType}}\" -X {{dataProvider.method}} -d \\\n'{ \"V_V\": [ {{i_v_curve_data.V_V|split:,|takeNthOfArray:3|join:,}} ], \"I_A\": [ {{i_v_curve_data.I_A|split:,|takeNthOfArray:3|join:,}} ], \"N_s\": {{i_v_curve_data.N_s}}, \"T_degC\": {{i_v_curve_data.T_degC}} }' \\\n{{dataProvider.url}}"},{"name":"python","language":"python","ext":"py","description":"A Python script using the [numpy](https://numpy.org) and [requests](https://requests.readthedocs.io) packages.\n","template":"import numpy\nimport requests\n\n# Start with some numpy vector I-V data\n# Voltages\nV_V = numpy.array([ {{i_v_curve_data.V_V|split:,|takeNthOfArray:3|join:,}} ])\n\n# Currents\nI_A = numpy.array([ {{i_v_curve_data.I_A|split:,|takeNthOfArray:3|join:,}} ])\n\n# Next, the PV device's number of cells in series in each parallel string\nN_s = {{i_v_curve_data.N_s}}\n\n# Finally, the cell temperature (a.k.a. the effective diode-junction temperature)\nT_degC = {{i_v_curve_data.T_degC}}\n\n# Call the REST API to fit I-V data to the local single diode model (note the API version in the URL)\nresponse = requests.{{dataProvider.method|toLowerCase}}('{{dataProvider.url}}', headers={'Content-Type': '{{dataProvider.contentType}}'}, json={'V_V': V_V.tolist(), 'I_A': I_A.tolist(), 'N_s': N_s, 'T_degC': T_degC})\n\n# Did call succeed? (If not 200, then the remaining calls probably will not work as expected.)\nprint('Response status code: ' + str(response.status_code))\n\n# Get the json response as a Python dict and display all the results\nresponse_json_dict = response.json()\nprint('Response json string:\\n ' + str(response_json_dict))\n\n# Print some key results\nprint('Fit success:\\n ' + str(response_json_dict['success']))\nprint('Fit model parameters:\\n ' + str(response_json_dict['model_params_fit']))\nprint('I_sc_A = ' + str(response_json_dict['derived_params_fit']['I_sc_A']))\nprint('P_mp_W = ' + str(response_json_dict['derived_params_fit']['P_mp_W']))\nprint('V_oc_V = ' + str(response_json_dict['derived_params_fit']['V_oc_V']))\nprint('rmsd_norm_by_I_ph = ' + str(response_json_dict['fit_info']['rmsd_norm_by_I_ph']))\n\n# Example of converting back to numpy array\nres_A_fit = numpy.asarray(response_json_dict['fit_info']['res_A_fit'], dtype=numpy.float64)\nprint('res_A_fit = \\n' + numpy.array_str(res_A_fit))"}]}},"pageContext":{"matchPath":"/sde/*","id":"2404c4f7-dc6a-5e62-ae65-049c6336515d","slug":"sde"}}}